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Primary healthcare is the first contact a person has with the health care system when they have a health problem. Primary care also known as the first level of contact for the population with the healthcare system, bringing healthcare as close as possible to where people live and work.

Healthcare Management, also referred to as healthcare administration. Healthcare Management serves all those directly involved in, or concerned with, the organization, delivery, marketing and management of healthcare services, at a strategic and operational level.

Clinical radiology is a specialised branch of medicine that uses state of the art equipment and a range of techniques to capture images of the inside of the body.

Biomedical Imaging The science and the branch of medicine concerned with the development and use of imaging devices and techniques to obtain internal anatomic images and to provide biochemical and physiological analysis of tissues and organs.

Biomedicine as a branch of medicine that is combined with research in biology

A Biosensor is a device that measures biological or chemical reactions by generating signals proportional to the concentration of an analyte in the reaction.

Stem cell therapy is a form of regenerative medicine that utilizes the body’s natural healing mechanism to treat various conditions.

Stem cells are being used in regenerative medicine to renew and repair diseased or damaged tissues, and have shown promising results in treatments of various orthopedic, cardiovascular, neuromuscular and autoimmune conditions.

Biobanking refers to the process by which samples of bodily fluid or tissue are collected for research use to improve our understanding of health and disease

Tissue engineering, scientific field concerned with the development of biological substitutes capable of replacing diseased or damaged tissue in humans.

Biomolecular Engineering is the application of engineering fundamentals to biological molecules.

Immunology isthe study of the immune system, the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity and immune responses.”

Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals (including drugs) on living systems and the means to prevent or ameliorate such effects. It involves observing and reporting symptoms that arise following exposure to toxic substances.

Traditional medicine as the “sum total of the knowledge, skill, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health, as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness.”

The term “alternative medicine” refers to medical treatments that are neither part of a country’s traditions nor its primary healthcare system. Others refer to alternative medicine as an “integrative” or “complementary” system since some countries use traditional and alternative medicine interchangeably. 

Translational Medicine is a multidisciplinary field of medical research that focuses on translating scientific discoveries from basic research into clinical applications. The goal is to bridge the gap between laboratory research (bench) and patient care (bedside) to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases.

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that integrates areas of life, physical and earth science to study and address problems facing the environment and to implement science-based solutions.

Environmental sustainability known as the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global ecosystems to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future. 

Food refers to anything eaten by man which gives energy and which is able to meet physiological needs for growth of human body.
Nutrition is the study of nutrients in food, how the body uses them, and the relationship between diet, health, and disease.
The main food resources – rice, wheat, maize, barley, oats, pulses, sugarcane, other fruits and vegetables, meat, milk etc.

Digital health refers to the use of information and communications technologies in medicine and other health professions to manage illnesses and health risks and to promote wellness. Digital health has a broad scope and includes the use of wearable devices, mobile health, telehealth, health information technology, and telemedicine. 

Artificial intelligence (AI) uses computer algorithms to process and interpret data as well as perform tasks, while continuously redefining itself. 

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly important role in both Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies. Here are some ways in which AI is shaping the future of AR and VR.

Virtual reality is a form of interaction between humans and computers in which a real or imaginary environment is simulated. Users interact with that world and manipulate it. Virtual reality systems have emerged as a disruptive technology to improve the performance of current computer graphics techniques and to address the intractable problems associated with interactions between humans and computers.

Robotics is the discipline of designing, building and using machines to perform tasks in an automated way.
A drone” is an unmanned aircraft. Drones are more formally known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems. Essentially, a drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously using software-controlled flight plans in its embedded systems, that work in conjunction with onboard sensors and a Global Positioning System (GPS).

Pharmaceutical R&D is the process of discovering, designing, developing, and testing new medications to treat or prevent diseases. This multi-stage process ensures that new drugs are safe, effective, and meet regulatory standards before reaching the market.

Key Stages in Pharmaceutical R&D:
  1. Drug Discovery
  2. Preclinical Research
  3. Clinical Trials
  4. Regulatory Approval
  5. Drug Launch and Monitoring

Applications of Pharmaceutical R&D:
  • Developing treatments for chronic, rare, and infectious diseases.
  • Improving drug formulations and delivery systems.
  • Addressing unmet medical needs, such as personalized medicine and precision therapies.

Biopharmaceuticals are medicinal products derived from biological sources, such as living cells, proteins, or microorganisms, rather than chemical synthesis. These include:
  • Vaccines
  • Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Recombinant Proteins
  • Gene and Cell Therapies
Biotechnology refers to the use of biological systems, organisms, or their derivatives to develop technologies, products, or processes for medical, industrial, or agricultural purposes. In healthcare, it plays a critical role in creating biopharmaceuticals through techniques like genetic engineering, tissue engineering, and synthetic biology.
Key Applications:
  1. Biologic Drug Production: Using biotechnological methods to produce proteins or antibodies that target diseases (e.g., cancer or autoimmune diseases).
  2. Genetic Engineering: Editing genes to cure genetic disorders (CRISPR-based therapies).
  3. Cell-based Therapies: Developing treatments like stem cell therapy.
  4. Vaccinology: Creating next-generation vaccines for emerging diseases.